Nowadays, the word “survivor” is applied freely even to those who have experienced the normal and expected daily difficulties which all human beings face and who have simply gone on living. “Survivor” has thus become a term that easily fits all of us.<\/span><\/p>\nA similar observation could be made about the word “trauma.” It was originally used to describe catastrophic conditions of great suffering, such as war, life-threatening illness, and natural disasters. Nowadays, the term is used freely to describe far lesser events. So much so that I recently overheard an ardent sports fans refer to her favorite team’s loss of several consecutive ball games as a “recurring trauma.”<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nJust last week, we began to reread the Pentateuch, the Chumash<\/i> or “Five Books of Moses.” This week, we read the second of a year-long series of weekly Torah portions, Parshat Noach<\/i> (Genesis<\/i> 6:9-11:32). Throughout the coming year, we will search for the common themes of all of these readings.<\/span><\/p>\n There is one theme which, I suggest, pervades not only the Chumash<\/i>, but the entire Jewish Bible. Indeed, it pervades all of Jewish history, down to this very day<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nThis theme is the story of the “survivor;” the person who lives through trauma and who copes, one way or another, with life as a survivor, with life after trauma.<\/span><\/p>\nOne such person is the hero of this week’s Torah portion, Noah. Noah survived the destruction of all of civilization. In the words of our Sages, he lived to see \u201ca built-up world, a destroyed world, and a rebuilt world.\u201d Noah was a “survivor of trauma,” no doubt about it.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nThere are many other candidates in the Bible who merit the term “survivor of trauma,” Adam and Eve suffered trauma. They lived in paradise. But they lost it. That’s trauma. They survived and went on to make lives for themselves. That’s survival.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nKing David suffered trauma and was a survivor. So was Job, and so was Jeremiah. In a sense, so was Jonah.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nNames of survivors in the long history of our people come readily to mind and include rabbinic sages such as Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi Akiva, and Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. Maimonides suffered trauma and survived mightily, as did Rabbi Isaac Abarbanel, who writes at length about the several traumas that he lived through and survived.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nFinally, the horrific Holocaust, the ultimate trauma, left numerous survivors, some of whose memoirs are world famous, such as Victor Frankel, Primo Levy, and Eli Wiesel. I, for one, and many of the readers of this column, have known quite a few survivors.<\/span><\/p>\nIn a sense, we are all survivors. Who can teach us the skills of survival?<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nLet us conceive of Noah as the archetypal survivor. What can we learn from this week’s Torah reading about the way he coped with the challenges of survival in the wake of the world\u2019s nearly total destruction?<\/span><\/p>\nYou know the story. Noah and the members of his immediate family find refuge in the Ark from the Great Flood. The flood ends, the waters recede, and finally the Almighty speaks to Noah and says, “Come out of the ark, together with your wife, your sons, and your sons’ wives.” They exit the ark. They survive the trauma<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nBut then, what does Noah do? What are his first actions as a survivor? He starts off on the proverbial right foot. “Noah built an altar to the Lord\u2026 He offered burnt offerings on the altar.” Noah expresses his gratitude to the Almighty<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\nThe Almighty responds in kind. He says, “Never again will I doom the earth because of man\u2026 Nor will I ever again destroy every living being, as I have done.”<\/span><\/p>\nThe Almighty does not stop there. He goes on to bless Noah and his sons and He establishes an everlasting covenant with them.<\/span><\/p>\nSo far, so good. But we abruptly learn of Noah’s weakness. We read: “Noah, the tiller of the soil, was the first to plant a vineyard. He drank of the wine and became drunk and he uncovered himself within his tent. (Genesis<\/i> 9:20-21)”<\/span><\/p>\n Noah resorts to drink to deal with the challenges that face every subsequent survivor of trauma. He was the first survivor to resort to intoxicating substances to cope with the aftereffects of trauma, but he most certainly was not the last.<\/span><\/p>\nIs intoxication the only coping method available to survivors? It is here that I’d like to bring an insight of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch into play.<\/span><\/p>\nHe notes that the Hebrew word in our verse for \u201cbecame drunk\u201d is vayishkar<\/i>. The root letters of this word are sh-kh-r<\/i>. Rav Hirsch notes that there are several other words in Hebrew with similar root letters. Two of them are sh-y-r<\/i>, song or poem, and sh-k-r<\/i>, falsehood. He proceeds to explain that these three terms represent three different modes of relationship between truth and reality.<\/span><\/p>\n For Rav Hirsch, truth is not synonymous with reality. Reality is what is, whereas truth is what can be. The person who uses sh-y-r<\/i>, the poetic imagination, knows that he can transform the truth which often lies hidden in the present into a new future reality. He need not live forever in a condition of post-traumatic stress. He can use the truth of his poetic imagination, of his hopes and dreams, to construct a new and better reality. This is the preferred mode for the survivor of trauma.<\/span><\/p>\n Noah, however, chose a different mode entirely. He chose sh-kh-r<\/i>, drink. Faced with a traumatic reality, he creates for himself a fantasy reality, stimulated by intoxicating substances. He opts for a reality distorted by drink, an artificial reality, an illusion which fades rapidly with time. This is not a solution to the problem of post-traumatic survival.<\/span><\/p>\n Then there is a third mode, the mode of sh-k-r<\/i>, of falsehood. This mode comes in many varieties. We now have a vocabulary for those varieties: denial, false ideologies, alternate facts, fictitious memories. These mechanisms will not dissipate the pernicious effects of traumatic experiences.<\/span><\/p>\n Clearly, Rav Hirsch recommends the method of sh-y-r<\/i>, the cultivation of the positive processes which we all possess, but of which we are seldom aware: Creative imagination, enlisting the cooperation of others, courage, and above all hope.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nAs Rabbi Jonathan Sacks is wont to explain, “Hope is not optimism and optimism is not hope. Optimism is the conviction that things will be better. Hope is the conviction that we can make things better.”<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nThe survivor who effectively deals with the traumas of his or her past strives to make things better, and in the process not only survives but thrives, transcends the painful memories of the past, and painstakingly constructs a better future.<\/span><\/p>\nNoah failed as a survivor. Perhaps that is perhaps the essential distinction between him and the hero of next week’s Torah portion, Abraham. He too survived traumas, ten trials by the count of our rabbis, but he was able to employ the mode of sh-y-r<\/i>, not sh-kh-r<\/i> and not sh-k-r<\/i><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n He utilized truth to create a new reality, the reality of monotheism and, eventually, the reality of the Jewish people.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n
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