tamim<\/em>, has tantalized experts throughout the ages and across the spectrum of Bible readers. Here are some sample translations:<\/p>\nFirst, two Jewish samples: one reads, \u201cYou must be wholehearted with the Lord your God.\u201d Another reads, \u201cYou must be wholly loyal to the Lord your God.\u201d<\/p>\n
A standard but non-Jewish translation renders it, \u201cYou shall be blameless before the Lord your God\u201d.<\/p>\n
My preferred translation, although admittedly not perfect, is that of Rabbi J.H. Hertz, a former Chief Rabbi of the British Empire: \u201cThou shalt be whole-hearted with the Lord your God.\u201d But at the<\/p>\n
His translation differs slightly from the first Jewish sample quoted above. Note especially that besides the use of the archaic \u201cThou shalt\u201d and the hyphen in \u201cwhole-hearted\u201d, Rabbi Hertz correctly insists upon \u201cwith<\/em><\/strong> the Lord\u201d rather than \u201cto<\/em><\/strong> the Lord\u201d, indicating companionship with<\/em>the Lord rather than subservience to<\/em> Him.<\/p>\nRabbi Hertz provides us an additional benefit. He includes in his notes the comments of Rashi on this verse: \u201cWalk with<\/em><\/strong> him whole-heartedly and hope in Him. Pry not into the veiled future but accept whatever befalls you. Then you will be His people and His portion.\u201d<\/p>\nThere is a subtle, but fundamental, difference between the translations just presented and Rashi\u2019s conception of the meaning of the verse. The issue at hand is the meaning of the wordtamim<\/em>, a word which has had a colorful history.<\/p>\nIn modern Hebrew usage, the words tam <\/em>or tamim or temimut<\/em> imply simplemindedness, innocence bordering upon ignorance, or perhaps na\u00efvet\u00e9. One well known example of this usage is the third son, the tam<\/em>, in the Passover Haggadah <\/em>who comes across as a simpleton who can only utter, \u201cMah zot?<\/em>\u201d, \u201cWhat\u2019s going on?\u201d<\/p>\nAnother example is the term used by the Talmud to describe an ox that\u2019s been deemed harmless. It is therefore labeled a tam<\/em>, a na\u00efvely innocent creature.<\/p>\nMany assert that Rashi is defining tamim <\/em>in this sense. He wisely locates our verse in its context in the preceding verses, 9-12. There we find strict prohibitions against following heathen superstitions, black magic, fortune telling, and the conviction that the stars irrevocably determine our destiny.<\/p>\nRather, as Rashi puts it, \u201cwe must trust in Him and not inquire of soothsayers about what our future holds in store. We must accept b\u2019temimut<\/em>, with simplicity and confidence, \u2018with<\/em> <\/strong>the Lord\u2019, with<\/em> <\/strong>Him and attached to Him.\u201d There is a sense of na\u00efvet\u00e9, a stance of stubborn refusal to submit to the dark forecasts and fatalistic predictions expounded by pagan cultures. \u201cMa zot<\/em>?\u201d,\u201cWhat gives with all this nonsense?\u201d asks the tam<\/em>!<\/p>\nThe translations that I quoted earlier understand tam <\/em>and tamim <\/em>very differently. They base their translations upon the repeated usage of those terms in the Bible. Noah is described (Genesis 6:9) as a tamim<\/em>; Abraham (Genesis 17:1) is asked to be tamim<\/em>; Jacob in his youth (Genesis 25-27) is an ish tam<\/em>, a mature tam; <\/em>and Job (Job 1:1), is given the title tam v\u2019yashar<\/em>, a sincere tam<\/em>.<\/p>\nProfessor Nechama Leibowitz describes the link between these different heroes of the Bible as a gesher<\/em>, a bridge, between them, a common denominator. Ramban is one of the early leaders of the chorus of commentators who therefore define tam <\/em>or tamim <\/em>in accordance with the Aramaic translation of Onkelos, who uses the term shalem<\/em>, complete, total commitment. If I had to render the verse in English in accordance with this approach, I would suggest, \u201cWalk incomplete devotion<\/em> with<\/em><\/strong> the Lord your God\u201d.<\/p>\nSo far I have outlined my first goal, to convey the subtle complexity of the verse and the definition of tamim<\/em>.<\/p>\nNow, on to my second goal.<\/p>\n
For this, I must introduce you to an important American rabbinic figure of the mid-twentieth century, Rabbi Nisan Telushkin. He began his rabbinic career in communist Russia. His heroic leadership during that period are topics I reserve for another opportunity. Fortunately, he escaped Russia and came to America. He assumed a pulpit there, in Brooklyn, and soon faced new and different challenges which he met with spiritual fervor and creative skill.<\/p>\n
His congregation consisted of Jews who had arrived in the United States as refugees early in the twentieth century. Their Jewish awareness rapidly eroded as they struggled to cope with a new cultural and economic environment.<\/p>\n
During my yeshiva years, I was personally privileged to benefit from his tutelage and halachic writings. His masterpiece, entitled Taharat Mayim<\/em>, remains a practical handbook for the construction of mikvaot<\/em>, ritual baths. I knew him as a devout chasid<\/em>, and erudite traditional Talmudic scholar of the first rank. I proudly received semicha<\/em> from him.<\/p>\nMuch later, I came across a three-volume collection of his synagogue sermons. It is entitled HaTorah V\u2019HaOlam<\/em> (\u201cTorah and the World\u201d). It was published in 1958, and I discovered it only after I began my own rabbinic career. I continue to cherish it as a model of sermons to inspire an audience with limited Jewish education and Jewish observance. Please recognize that these sermons were delivered in the years prior to the Holocaust, during the Holocaust, and just subsequent to the Holocaust. Orthodox Judaism then was very different from what it is now.<\/p>\nHe was able to draw upon the verse we have been discussing and the comments of Rashi on that verse. His homiletic interpretation of those texts markedly differs from the previous discussion. He presents the verse as if it was a message to his audience not to feel inadequate because they were religiously ignorant or insufficiently observant. Tamim tihyeh <\/em>meant \u201cbe simple, do your best, be sincere with the little knowledge you have and with the limited degree of observance of which you are capable.\u201d These words of reassurance and encouragement struck home. They remain relevant for those who are imperfect religiously but wish to participate in synagogue life.<\/p>\nFor those who are skeptical of this daring homiletic display, Rabbi Telushkin validates it with an array of sources from Psalms, the Talmud and Midrash, and from Kabbalah.<\/p>\n
One example is the Psalm 26:1: \u201cLord, vindicate me for I have walked b\u2019tumi <\/em>(the same root as tamim<\/em>) in all innocence\u2026\u201d. The Midrash known as Sifre<\/em> remarks, \u201cHe who is a tam<\/em> ranks with King David.\u201d<\/p>\nAnother example is the statement of Rava in Tractate Avodah Zara <\/em>19: \u201cA person should always study Torah, even if he will forget it all, and even if he does not understand a word he studied…\u201d<\/p>\nAnother statement is by Rabbi Akiva in Mishnayot Eduyot<\/em> 5:6: \u201cBetter to be taunted by others as a dunce than to be considered an outlaw by the Lord.\u201d<\/p>\nAnd so forth. A brave man, this Rabbi Telushkin, but one who reached the hearts and souls of his congregants and kept them close to Torah and engaged in good deeds. This approach permeates all three volumes of his remarkable attempt to meet the needs of his people given their circumstances and the times they lived in.<\/p>\n
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